A SINGLE genetic mutation in the bovine influenza H5N1 virus may have the potential to adapt to human hosts. According to a recent study, the virus, linked to several human infections in the United States in 2024, primarily targets avian receptors but can switch to human receptors with a critical mutation.
Researchers analyzed the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus strain A/Texas/37/2024, the first human-infecting bovine H5N1 virus reported in the U.S. They found that the Gln226Leu substitution altered receptor specificity, enabling the virus to bind human-type receptors. This adaptation was further amplified when combined with an Asn224Lys mutation. Structural analyses using crystal models revealed how these changes improved receptor recognition, potentially enhancing the virus’s ability to infect human cells.
These findings underscore the urgent need for heightened surveillance of bovine and avian clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses to monitor emerging mutations. Expanded receptor binding capability could increase the risk of human-to-human transmission, paving the way for a broader outbreak.
The study adds to the growing literature detailing the evolution of zoonotic viruses and the importance of preparedness to mitigate future public health threats.
Reference: Lin TH et al. A single mutation in bovine influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin switches specificity to human receptors. Science. 2024;386(6726):1128-34.
Anaya Malik | AMJ
