Retrospective Validation of the REVEAL 2.0 Risk Score with the Australian and New Zealand Pulmonary Hypertension Registry Cohort - European Medical Journal

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Retrospective Validation of the REVEAL 2.0 Risk Score with the Australian and New Zealand Pulmonary Hypertension Registry Cohort

1 Mins
Respiratory
Authors:
*James Anderson,1 Edmund Lau,2 Melanie Lavender,3 Geoff Strange4

1. Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia
2. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
3. Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
4. University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
*Correspondence to [email protected]

Disclosure:

Dr Anderson has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline and travel grants from Actelion and Bayer.  Dr Strange reports grants from Actelion, Bayer, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline and personal fees from Actelion, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Bayer and GlaxoSmithKline outside the submitted work.  Dr Lau has received speaking and consultancy fees from Actelion and Menarini Pharmaceuticals and has received research support from Actelion and GlaxoSmithKline.  Dr Lavender has acted as a paid consultant to GlaxoSmithKline, Actelion and Bayer, and has received educational grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Actelion and Bayer.

Acknowledgements:

The authors of this review thank their study co-authors; Raymond Benza, David Celermajer, Nicholas Collins, Carolyn Corrigan, Nathan Dwyer, John Feenstra, Mark Horrigan, Dominic Keating, Fiona Kermeen, Eugene Kotylar, Tanya McWilliams, Bronwen Rhodes, Peter Steele, Vivek Thakkar, Trevor Williams, Helen Whitford, Kenneth Whyte, Robert Weintraub, Jeremy Wrobel, Anne Keogh.

Support:

GlaxoSmithKline provided research funding support for the primary author, but were not involved in the conceptualisation, analysis, or manuscript preparation.

Citation:
EMJ Respir. ;7[1]:69-71. Abstract No AR07.
Keywords:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), risk assessment, REVEAL 2.0, PHSANZ

Each article is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 License.

BACKGROUND

Latest guidelines in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) recommend the use of multi-parameter risk assessment at both diagnosis and follow-up to guide treatment.1 A new model, REVEAL 2.0, has recently been developed by the US Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL) investigators.2  Their original model, derived from a large multicentre cohort in the USA3 and based on 12 variables (demographic, disease subtype, comorbidities, vital signs, biochemical, functional, echocardiographic, haemodynamic, and pulmonary function assessments), has been updated to include hospitalisations, and is designed for use during patient follow up.2,4   REVEAL 2.0 divides patients into eight separate risk strata, or three simplified strata (low, intermediate, and high risk).  The aim of this analysis was to assess the prognostic performance of the REVEAL 2.0 risk score applied to a large external cohort of patients with PAH from the Pulmonary Hypertension Society of Australia and New Zealand (PHSANZ) Registry.

METHODS

The PHSANZ registry includes 2,736 patients with clinician-diagnosed Group 1 PAH enrolled from 21 specialist centres from Australia and New Zealand.5 Prospective data collection began in December 2011, and like the REVEAL registry,3 includes all Group 1 PAH subtypes and both prevalent and incident cases.  REVEAL 2.0 risk scores were calculated for individual patients from the PHSANZ registry at 12 months post-enrolment.  Scores were determined based on most recent investigation results, using an identical process to the REVEAL 2.0 analysis.2 Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were calculated up to 60 months for each REVEAL 2.0 risk group for both eight strata and three strata models.  A sensitivity analysis was performed using an incident-only cohort.  The model’s ability to discriminate likelihood of survival was determined using Harell’s c-statistic.6

RESULTS

In total, 1,011 PAH patients in the PHSANZ registry had sufficient data to permit application of the REVEAL 2.0 model.4  Most (75.0%) were previously diagnosed cases.  Using 1-year post enrolment as the baseline, overall 12 and 60-month survival for the PHSANZ cohort was 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 89.4–93.0) and 65.3% (95% CI: 61.6–68.8), respectively.  The REVEAL 2.0 model effectively discriminated risk in the large external PHSANZ registry cohort, with c-statistic 0.74 (both for full eight-strata and three-strata models). When applied to incident cases only, c-statistic was 0.73. The three-category REVEAL 2.0 model demonstrated robust separation of 12 and 60-month survival estimates (all risk categories comparisons p<0.001) (Figure 1). Although the full eight-tier REVEAL 2.0 model separated low, intermediate, and high-risk patients, survival estimates overlapped within the intermediate and high-risk strata.

Figure 1: PHSANZ survival by REVEAL 2.0 risk category.

CONCLUSION

This study represents the first external validation of the REVEAL 2.0 model supporting its clinical use in risk assessment of PAH patients at follow-up.  The model achieved clear separation of survival estimates by 12 months in a mixed prevalent and incident cohort.  As discussed at the recent European Respiratory Society Congress in Madrid, prospective validation and comparisons with other prognostic models, such as those based on the 2015 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) guidelines, is now needed.

References
Galiè N et al. Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Resp J. 2019;53(1):1801889. Benza RL et al. Predicting Survival in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The REVEAL Risk Score Calculator 2.0 and Comparison with ESC/ERS-Based Risk Assessment Strategies. CHEST. 2019;156(2):323-37. McGoon MD et al. Design of the REVEAL Registry for US Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008;83(8):923-31. Benza RL et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation. 2010;122(2):164-72. Strange G et al. Survival of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients in the Modern Era in Australia and New Zealand. Heart Lung Circ. 2018;27(11):1368-75. Altman DG et al. Prognosis and prognostic research: Validating a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009;338:b605.

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