Outcomes of People Who Inject Drugs with Infectious Endocarditis and Valve Surgery - European Medical Journal

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Outcomes of People Who Inject Drugs with Infectious Endocarditis and Valve Surgery

1 Mins
Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
Authors:
*Michael P. Veve,1,2 Grace E. Cooksey,2 Mahmoud A. Shorman1,2

1. University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
2. University of Tennessee Medical Centre, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
*Correspondence to [email protected]

Disclosure:

Dr Veve has received grants from Paratek Pharmaceuticals and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. The other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Citation:
EMJ Microbiol Infect Dis. ;1[1]:25-26.
Keywords:
Cardiac surgery, infective endocarditis (IE), injection drug use, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, people who inject drugs (PWID).

Each article is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 License.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a common disease state observed in people who inject drugs (PWID), with a 50–100 times higher incidence in PWID than the general population.1 IE guidelines recommend valve surgery in patients who develop heart failure, have uncontrolled infection, large vegetation size, or present with systemic embolisation.2-4 However, valve surgery may not always be feasible and is infrequently performed in PWID because of the perceived risk of prosthetic valve reinfection in recidivism.1

Valve surgery in PWID remains controversial, and data are conflicting when focussed on the short and long-term benefits of valve surgery in this population.1,5-10 The timing of surgery and long-term outcomes depend on factors such as ongoing injection drug use and antimicrobial compliance;7-8 reoperation rate in PWID is significantly higher than in individuals who do not inject drugs.9-10 The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of PWID who received valve surgery to those who did not receive
valve surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study performed at a large academic medical centre in southeast USA and included hospitalised PWID with IE who received and did not receive valve surgery from  January 2014 to October 2018. The primary outcome was all-cause 12-month mortality; secondary outcomes included short-term mortality and infection-related readmission.

RESULTS

The study included 178 patients: 41 (23%) received valve surgery and 137 (77%) did not. Patient demographics were similar between groups, except for that patients who received valve surgery were more likely to present with septic shock (73% versus 35%; p≤0.001); 103 (58%) patients were female, and the median age was 33 (interquartile range: 27–45) years. Native-valve IE was most common in both the valve surgery and non-surgery groups (91% valve surgery versus 93% non-surgery, p=1.0), and the most frequent IE types were left-sided (54% valve surgery versus 24% non-surgery, p=0.001), right-sided (32% valve surgery versus 64% non-surgery, p=0.001), both left and right-sided (15% valve surgery versus 6% non-surgery, p=0.1), and unknown (0% valve-surgery versus 5% non-surgery, p=0.4). From 176 patients, 216 organisms were identified; the most commonly identified organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (37%), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (25%), streptococci (9%), enterococci (9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Candida spp. (1%), and other organisms (23%). Patients who received valve surgery had no significant differences in in-hospital (0% versus 8%; p=0.07) and all-cause 12-month mortality (15% versus 12%; p=0.6), or all-cause 12-month readmission (54% versus 53%; p=1.0) when compared to non-surgery patients, respectively. However, patients who received valve surgery were less likely to have an infection-related readmission at 90 days compared to non-surgery patients (26% versus 72%; p≤0.001). In multivariable regression, left-sided IE was the only variable associated with all-cause 12-month mortality (Table 1).

Table 1: Variables associated with all-cause 12-month mortality.

AdjOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IE: infective endocarditis; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; UnadjOR: unadjusted odds ratio.

DISCUSSION

Valve surgery in PWID was associated with fewer short-term infection-related readmissions but did not have any mortality benefit. These findings are significant because many previous reports showed improvement in early survival of PWID with IE after undergoing valve surgery, but subsequent poor long-term outcomes.1,7-10 Valve surgery can address the embolic and haemodynamic complications of IE, but in PWID surgery should be a part of more comprehensive management approach that includes addiction and psychiatric assessment.

References
Straw S et al. Long-term outcomes are poor in intravenous drug users following infective endocarditis, even after surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;ciz869. [Epub ahead of print]. Habib G et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075-128. Baddour LM et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435-86. Gould FK et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(2):269-89. Lalani T et al.; International Collaboration on Endocarditis–Prospective Cohort Study Investigators. In-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing early surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(16):1495-504. Habib G et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European Infective Endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(39):3222-32. Østerdal OB et al. Cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis in patients with intravenous drug use. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2016;22(5):633-40. Wahba A, Nordhaug D. What are the long-term results of cardiac valve replacements in left sided endocarditis with a history of i.v. drug abuse? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2006;5(5):608-10. Kim JB et al. Surgical outcomes of infective endocarditis among intravenous drug users. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(3):832-41.e1. Kaiser SP et al. Long-term outcomes in valve replacement surgery for infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83(1):30-5.

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