FOOD allergies (FA) affect millions of children worldwide, causing severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Researchers have identified a key protein, RELMβ, as a critical regulator in allergic responses, offering new insights into the mechanisms driving FA.
A study examined RELMβ levels in children with FA, asthma, and atopic dermatitis (AD), comparing them to non-allergic individuals. Findings revealed significantly higher levels of RELMβ in children with FA, regardless of asthma status, suggesting its strong association with allergic reactions.
To further explore RELMβ’s role, researchers used a mouse model genetically predisposed to heightened type 2 immune responses, similar to those seen in FA patients. These mice showed an increase in RELMβ after exposure to allergens, mirroring patterns observed in human patients. Notably, when RELMβ was removed in these mice, their allergic reactions – including anaphylaxis – were completely suppressed. This highlights RELMβ as a potential driver of FA and allergic inflammation.
Beyond allergic responses, RELMβ was found to influence gut health by affecting epithelial cells. It regulated the production of antimicrobial proteins and altered the function of gut barrier proteins, potentially making individuals more susceptible to allergic reactions. Moreover, RELMβ played a role in activating specific immune cells, promoting the production of IgE antibodies, which are central to allergic responses.
To confirm these findings across different populations, researchers tested an alternative model using mice sensitised through the skin, mimicking FA in children with eczema. Again, RELMβ deficiency prevented allergic reactions, reinforcing its role in FA development.
These discoveries offer hope for future FA treatments. Targeting RELMβ may provide new therapeutic strategies to prevent severe allergic reactions and improve patient outcomes. With further research, interventions designed to modulate RELMβ levels could transform FA management, offering relief to millions affected by this condition.
Katie Wright, EMJ
Reference
Stephen-Victor E et al. RELMβ sets the threshold for microbiome-dependent oral tolerance. Nature. Published online January 22, 2025;DOI:10.1038/s41586-024-08440-7.
