ALLERGIC rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammatory condition affecting the nasal mucosa when exposed to allergens. It manifests through symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, and nasal pruritus. AR can be classified into seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), which is triggered by pollen and fine dust during specific seasons, and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), caused by allergens like house dust mites and pet dander. Fine dust, a notable seasonal allergen, exacerbates AR symptoms and contributes to respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.
In South Korea, AR affects 20–30% of the population, with rising prevalence, particularly in children and adolescents. According to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, the number of AR patients seeking medical care in spring increased by 38% from 2022 to 2023, and by 16% in autumn. The fall season reports higher AR cases than spring. Treatment for AR focuses on symptom relief and allergen avoidance. Recent developments include biological agents targeting immune responses, improved antihistamines with fewer side effects, and personalised treatments based on genetic analysis. Many patients seek natural health supplements with fewer side effects, highlighting the demand for natural and personalised treatments.
Eosinophils play a crucial role in allergic responses, secreting cytokines and inflammatory mediators that exacerbate AR symptoms. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulates eosinophil survival, activation, and degranulation, influencing inflammatory cytokine production. Targeting this pathway may help manage eosinophil-mediated allergic inflammation.
Sword bean pods (SBP) have shown potential in treating allergic conditions. Traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases, SBP contains bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Research indicates SBP regulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, reducing inflammatory cytokine production and allergic responses. A six-week study found SBP supplementation significantly improved nasal congestion and overall quality of life in AR patients compared to a placebo. Additionally, SBP reduced inflammatory markers, demonstrating its potential as a functional food ingredient for AR management. Given its natural composition and immune-modulating effects, SBP offers a promising alternative to synthetic antihistamines, contributing to the development of functional foods and natural allergy treatments.
Katie Wright, EMJ
Reference
Hwang HJ et al. Immature sword bean (canavalia gladiata) pod alleviates allergic rhinitis (a double-blind trial) through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Nutrients. 2025;17(3):468.
